为了突出句子的某个部分，我们可以使用强调句式。

　　常见的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。

　　It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。

　　此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。

　　It is from the sun that we get light and heat.

　　It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.

　　使用此句型时, 应注意以下几点。

　　(1) 一般情况用It is(was)……that…如:

　　He read three books in the library yesterday.

　　我们分别可以强调主语、宾语、地点状语和时间状语。如:

　　It was he who(that)read three books in the library yesterday. (强调主语)

　　It was three books that he read in the library yesterday. (强调宾语)

　　It was in the library that he read three books yesterday. (强调时间状语)

　　(2) 当被强调部分指人时, 可用that, 也可用who; 指物时, 只用that, 如:

　　It was Tom who(that)I met last week.

　　It is a new boke that his brother wants to buy.

　　(3) 强调状语时, 只用that, 不用when、where. 如:

　　It is at 5 o'clock that the train will arrive.

　　(4) 被强调的部分是主语时, 注意句子的谓语动词和被强调的主语保持一致。如:

　　It is he who is late. 　It is they that were late.

　　(5) 一般疑问句的强调句为"Is (was) it + that…?"; 特殊疑问句为: "特殊疑问词+ is (was) +that…?"结构。如:

　　Was it ten years ago that his father died?他的父亲是十年前去世的吗?

　　When is it that you will set off?你到底什么时候出发?

　　(6) "not…until…"句型的强调结构为"It is not until…that…"应注意把否定词not转移到until前面。如:

　　I didn't go home until rain stopped. 直到雨停了我才回家。

　　强调句为: It was not until rain stopped that I went home.

　　I didn't know the news until yesterday. 直到昨天我才知道那个消息。

　　强调句为: It was not until yesterday that I knew the news.

　　原句: 　My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

　　强调主语: It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

　　强调宾语: It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

　　强调时间: It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)

　　强调地点: It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

　　C.倒装句：(这是我们在阅读文章时常见到的句式。)

　　英语中主语在前谓语在后的语序称为自然语序。由于语法、修辞的需要谓语置于主语之前，称为全部倒装; 助动词、情态动词等移到主语之前而主要动词仍然在主语之后的，称作半倒装。 全部倒装和半倒装的句子统称倒装句。

Ⅰ.全部倒装

　　全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

　　1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：

　　1) There goes the bell.　铃声渐渐消失了。

　　2) Then came the chairman.　然后主席就来了

　　3) Here is your letter.　这是你的信。

　　2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：

　　1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.　轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。

　　2) Ahead sat an old woman.

　　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1) Here he comes. 他来了。　　 2) Away they went.　他们走了。

　　Ⅱ.部分倒装

　　部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

　　1.　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until…, scarcely , barely , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如：

　　1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。

　　2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.　你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。

　　3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.　妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。

　　4) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。

　　注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。如否定词不在句首不倒装。只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：

　　Not only you but also I am fond of music.　我和你都喜欢音乐。

　　2.表示"也"、"也不" 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：

　　1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.　Tom能说法语，我也能。

　　2) If you won't go, neither will I.　如果你不去，我也不去。

　　注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：

　　1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。

　　2) ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.　---雨下得很大。　---的确很大。

　　3.only放在句首，强调状语(副词，介词短语或状语从句等)，全句语序要部分倒装。例如：

　　Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。

　　Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.　他被请了三次才来开会。

　　注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装

　　Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。

　　Ⅲ.其他部分倒装

　　1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：

　　So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.　他害怕得动都不敢动。

2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：

　　May you all be happy.　望大家开心愉快。

　　3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：

　　Were I you, I would try it again.　如果我是你，我就再试一次。

　　D. 简单句的五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)：千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：

　　1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V]

　　解读：在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。如：

　　I work.　我工作。

　　My head aches.我头疼。

　　The children are playing happily. 孩子们正在高兴地玩。

　　2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O]

　　解读：该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：

　　I finished reading the book. 我读完了这本书。

　　The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜欢住在中国。

　　She studies English.　她学英语。

　　3. 主语+谓语+表语 [S+V+P]

　　解读：此句型中的谓语动词是系动词，它本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，它必须和表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式结构等充当。该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有：be(是); get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等。如：

　　My books are on the desk. 我的书在书桌上。

　　The food seems to be nice. 这食物似乎不错。

　　He became a famous doctor. 他成为了一名著名的医生。

　　The apple pie tastes really delicious. 苹果派吃起来真是好吃。

　　4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 [S+V+InO+DO]

　　解读：在该句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语之后，即构成“主语+谓语+直宾+介词+间宾”的句型。这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，但要加介词for或to。如：

　　Could you pass me the salt? (= Could you pass the salt to me?) 请你把盐给我好吗?

　　Uncle Wang made the farmers many machines.(=Uncle Wang made many machines for the farmers. ) 王叔叔给农民们制造了很多机器。

　　My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. 我阿姨买给我一台电脑。

　　I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 我把盐递给他。

　　5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 [S+V+O+OC]

　　解读：宾补的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式和介词短语等充当。

　　I ask her to tell the truth.

　　点击一(***)：使役动词make, let, have等后接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：

　　He made me work twelve hours a day. 他让我一天工作十二小时。

点击二(***)：感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：

　　He saw a girl get on the bus. 他看见一个女孩上车了(上车的动作已经结束)

　　He saw a girl getting on the bus. 他看见一个女孩在上车(上车的动作正在进行)。

　　在语法的第一讲里，我向各位学员介绍了英语中有关句子的一些基本情况和“家族”中的一部分成员-----主要是简单句，在今天这一讲里，我将继续给大家介绍句子“家族”中的另外一些“成员”——并列句和复合句。

　　A. 并列句：(compound sentence)

　　由两个或两个以上相互不依从的句子构成。并列句的各个分句之前通常用并列连词连接，并列连词前可用逗号，也可不用。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。

　　主要并列连词有：and, but, or, for, so, while, however, either...or, neither...nor, not only…but also, both…and 等

　　主要并列连词的用法

　　1 and: 意为“和，而且”，表示同等关系或递进关系

　　1>. I went there by train and she went there by plane. 我乘火车去那里的，她乘飞机去那里的。

　　2>. Her father is a doctor and her mother is a teacher. 她父亲是医生，她母亲是教师。

　　3>. Tom finished his homework, and they went out to play games. 汤姆做完了作业，他们就出去玩游戏了。

　　2 but: 意为“但是”，表示转折关系。

　　1>. She is very old but she is in good health. 她年纪很大了，但身体很好。

　　2>. He is poor, but he is happy. 他穷，但是他幸福。

　　3>. The man shouted to the policemen, but they didn't hear him.

　　4>. Some people don't like summer, but I quite like it. 有些人不喜欢夏天，但是我很喜欢。

　　3 or: 意为“或者，否则”，表示选择关系。

　　1>. Are you going with us or will you stay at home? 你同我们一起去，还是呆在家里呢?

　　2>. The students can go swimming or they can go mountain climbing.

　　学生们可以去游泳，也可以去爬山。

　　3>. You'd better go by taxi, or you will be late. 你最好乘出租车去，否则要迟到了。

　　4 for:表示“因为，表示因果关系”。是“前果后因”。

　　1>. He is late for class every day, for he gets up late every day.

　　2>. We passed the exam, for we studied very hard.

　　5. so: 因此，也表示因果关系，是“前因后果。”

　　1>. He gets up late every day, so he I slate for school every day.

　　2>. We studied very hard, so we passed the exam.

　　6. not only...but also意为“不但……而且”，表示同等关系。

　　1>. Not only can he drive a car, but he can also repair cars. 他不但会开车，而且还会修车。

　　2>. He was not only a good father, but he was also a good husband. 他不仅是个好父亲，也是个好丈夫。

　　7. either...or意为“不是……就是，或者……或者”，表示选择关系

　　1>. You can either do it by yourself or you can ask someone else to do it.

　　你或者自己做这件事，或者请别人做这件事。

2>. Either the teacher didn't explain the sentence clearly, or I didn't understand it.

　　不是老师没有把这个句子解释清楚，就是我没有理解。

　　8. neither ...nor意为“既不……也不”，表示选择关系，位于句首时常用倒装结构。

　　1>. Neither does he like the job nor can he do it well.

　　2>. Neither did he go to attend the meeting nor did he come to the office.

　　9. both…and: 两者都。。。表示并列关系

　　Both Tom and Peter are good at playing football.

　　10. while: 而。。。表示转折关系。

　　He is reading a book while his wife is watching TV.

　　B. 复合句：(complex sentence)

　　复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是英语学习中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果出现两个谓语，那么其中一个谓语只能是以从句的形式或并列句或非谓语动词的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句(即定语从句)，副词性从句(即状语从句)三大类。

　　a. 定语从句(Attributive Clause)这是出现在阅读题型中最多的从句!重要!

　　定语从句：在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词。

　　先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词,词组或代词。

　　关系词：引导定语从句的词;一般紧跟在先行词后引出定语从句。分为关系代词和关系副词。

　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

　　关系副词有：when, where, why等。

　　关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

　　例如:

　　Once upon a time, there was a king (who had a small kingdom).

　　先行词 关系词

　　For one thing, the tigers ( that were kept in the zoo) were often used in court.

　　先行词 关系词

　　There came out a young lady ( whose hair was golden).

　　先行词 关系词

　　They would meet on the night ( when there was a full moon in the sky).

　　关系代词引导的定语从句

　　关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

　　(1) A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.

　　(2) The book that is on the desk was written by Yao Ming.

　　2. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，可以省略。

　　(1) Behind one door was a hungry tiger (that/which) the guards had put there.

　　(2) The tiger would immediately jump upon the poor man (whom/who) the guards had brought to the arena.

　　3. whose只用作定语,可以用来指人或物; 若指物，它还可以同of which互换, 例如：

　　(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

　　(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

关系副词引导的定语从句

　　关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

　　1. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which" 结构交替使用，例如：

　　There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.

　　Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.

　　Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

　　限制性和非限制性定语从句 (***)

　　例如：

　　1)This is the house which we bought last month.(限制性)

　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.。(非限制性)

　　2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

　　3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

　　说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

　　b. 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)

　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中，连接词that既没有实际意义，又不充当任何成分，只起引导从句的作用, 引导宾语从句时经常省去。

　　一、主语从句 (The Subject Clause)：在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡，主语从句通常被置于句末，而用it作形式主语。

　　That light travels in straight line is known to all.

　　When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.

　　It was my fault that I had him play football yesterday afternoon.

　　It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.

　　It is still unknown which team will win the match.

　　二、宾语从句 (The Object Clause)：主要作及物动词的宾语，有时置于介词或形容词之后。

　　He said (that) his father had come back from the United States.

　　He asked how much I paid for the violin.

　　No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years.

　　如果宾语从句带有补足语，通常用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于补足语之后。

　　I think it necessary that we should pay close attention to SARS.

　　We all feel it our duty that we should serve the people heart and soul.

当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, guess, expect, imagine, suppose等时，如果宾语从句是否定结构，通常把主句谓语动词改为否定式，而将宾语从句改为肯定式，这种现象叫做“否定转移”。

　　I don’t think we two have met before.

　　We don’t believe that he could finish his work in such a short time.

　　She doesn’t think it is right for John to come late to school.

　　三、表语从句 (The Predicative Clause)：通常置于主句的系动词之后，说明主句主语的情况。

　　My idea is that we should help her do housework every Sunday.

　　Is that why you had a few days off?

　　It is because I have never heard of the story.

　　四、同位语从句 (The Appositive Clause)：常置于某些名词之后，对其内容作解释或补充说明。如:

　　advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。

　　The news that we won the game is exciting.

　　There is no doubt that he is the best player in their country.

　　同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

　　同位语从句对所修饰词作补充说明，而定语从句对前面名词起限定作用;

　　that在同位语从句中只起引导作用，无词义，无语法成分，而在定语从句中指代所修饰词并在从句中作主语或宾语。

　　比较：The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong. (同位语从句)

　　The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong. (定语从句)

　　c. 状语从句(Adverbial Clause)

　　状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的谓语动词、副词、形容词或整个句子。根据句子的含义，它可表时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较、让步等。状语从句通常由一个连词引起，有时由一个起连词作用的词组引起。

　　一.时间状语从句

　　I) when，while和as

　　He entered the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.

　　when 通常指一时的动作或状态，可表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，或先于主句动作;while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作;as常用来引导两个动作紧接着发生，强调“同一时间”或“一前一后”。

　　When I meet the right chance, I will try my best.

　　While the teacher explained the text, the students listened attentively and took notes

　　He sang songs as he was taking a bath.

　　As spring warms the earth, all flowers begin to bloom.

　　注：when有时作并列连词意为“正在这时”、“突然”，在句末，不能位于句首。从句的谓语动词常用一般过去时，主句通常用过去进行时、过去完成时或be about to结构等。

　　She was about to leave when Mark arrived so she stayed a little longer.

　　He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down.

　　Ⅱ) as soon as, hardly (scarcely, barely) … when… , no sooner …than… 等引导的时间状语从句，意为“ 一… 就 …”

　　Jack had scarcely /hardly seen me when he left the room.

　　The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.

　　那个间谍一踏进国门就奉命要去他国。

　　注： 在no sooner … than, hardly … when …引导的时间状语从句中，若把no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely 放在句首，则要用倒装结构。

　　No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted.

　　Scarcely had he entered the room when the telephone rang.

二.原因状语从句

　　I) because, since,和as引导的原因状语从句

　　1. 其中because语气最强，多表示所述理由是本句重点，强调别人未知的事实，故because引导的从句多放在句末，回答why的问句时，只能用because。

　　在语气上since次之，as最弱。since和as表示的原因，多是已知的既成事实，原因以外的才是叙述的重点，因而两者多用于句首。

　　As it is raining, let’s stay indoors.

　　Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.

　　用强调句式强调原因状语从句时，只能用because引导。

　　It was because he was careless that he failed.

　　在because引导的从句中，如果主句是否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间没有逗号分开，这时not 修饰的是后面的整个从句。

　　The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.

　　机器停了下来，并不是因为燃料用光了。

　　如果主句和从句间用逗号分开，意思就不同了。

　　I was not kind to him, because he was rude. 我对他不友好，因为他无礼。

　　II) for 和because 的区别

　　because 表示因果关系，语气最强;而for引导的是并列句，它只是对前面分句进行解释， 说明推断的理由，并且只能后置。

　　It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

　　(该句不能用because, 因为现在地面湿不是导致昨夜下雨的原因)

　　It is morning, for the birds are singing. 天亮了， 鸟儿在鸣叫。

　　(鸟鸣不能引起天亮，所以本句不能用because代替for)

　　三.结果状语从句

　　so … that, such … that, so,等引导出结果状语从句

　　注：I) 注意so和such后面跟的词。其常见情况为：

　　so + adj. / adv.+ that; he is so clever that everyone likes him.

　　such a (an) + adj. + n. + that( =so +adj. +a(an) + n. +that)

　　such + n. (可数名词复数或不可数名词) + that

　　若名词前的修饰语为many, much, few, little则用so,不用such.

　　There is so much homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.

　　There is such lot of homework to do that I can’t play computer games today.

　　四.目的状语从句

　　I) so that, in order that和in case, lest 等引导的目的状语从句

　　so that , in order that 常与may, can, could, might等情态动词连用

　　In order that he shouldn’t wake up his wife, he came in quietly.

　　Ⅱ) in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句多用虚拟语气结构：should + v. 原形，意为“以防”、“以免”。 例如：

　　He ran away lest he (should) be caught.

　　I hid the book in case she should see it. 我把书藏起来，以防被她看到。

五.条件状语从句

　　条件状语从句可分为真实条件句和if引导的非真实条件句。

　　I) if, unless 引导的条件状语从句

　　unless 意义上相当于if…not。 unless一般不用于非真实条件句。

　　I will not lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.

　　II) only if和if only引导的条件状语从句

　　only if意为“只要……”，引导真实条件句，若only if放在句首，后面的主句要用倒装结构。 if only 引导虚拟条件句，也可引导感叹句，意为“但愿……”、“要是……就好了”。

　　Only if you study hard will you pass the final-examination.

　　只要你努力学习，就会通过期末考试。

　　If only we had arrived at the airport in time, we could have met him.

　　要是我们按时赶到车站，我们也许就能见到他。

　　If only it would stop raining! 但愿雨能够停下来!

　　六.让步状语从句

　　I) though, although引导的让步状语从句

　　这两个词同义，但although语气较重，且多用于句首。though引起的状语从句可用也可不用倒装。

　　Strange though it may seem (Though it may seem strange), he remained single all his life. 他终生未娶，此事似乎令人觉得奇怪。

　　II) even if 和even though (即使) 引导的让步状语从句

　　I was persuaded to do the job, even it / even though I didn’t want to.

　　我被说服去做那件工作，即使我并不想做。

　　III) as 引导的让步状语从句： 必须用倒装结构——把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。 作表语的名词前如有不定冠词a (an)，再倒装结构中，前面不能再加冠词。

　　Much as I admired his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely.

　　尽管我欣赏他的勇气，但我认为他的行为并不明智。

　　IV)while引导的让步状语从句：意义上相当于although，只能放在句首。

　　While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you. 虽然……

　　V)“whether …or…”, “wh-词+ ever”结构和“no matter + wh-词”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论……”。 Whatever后接名词，however后接形容词或副词。

　　Whatever (No matter what) may happen, we will not change our mind.

　　However often you ring, no one will answer. 无论你打多少次电话，都不会有人接。

　　All matter, whether it is a gas, a liquid or a solid, expands as the temperature rises.

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